Kidney Cancer

What is Kidney Cancer?

Kidney cancer is a serious disease that occurs when cells in the kidneys multiply abnormally and form tumors. This type of cancer, which usually begins in the cells responsible for filtering blood within the kidney, is most commonly seen in the form known as renal cell carcinoma. More rare types include transitional cell carcinoma and Wilms tumor, which occurs in children.

The kidneys perform vital functions such as filtering blood, excreting waste through urine, and regulating the body’s fluid balance. The development of kidney cancer starts with the disruption of the normal structure of cells and their uncontrolled growth. Treatment typically depends on the stage of the cancer and the size of the tumor, and may include surgery, immunotherapy, or targeted therapies.

This type of cancer can be successfully treated if diagnosed early. Regular health check-ups and healthy lifestyle habits play an important role in reducing the risk of kidney cancer.

What are the Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer?

Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the development of kidney cancer. Here are the main factors that increase the risk of kidney cancer:

Smoking
Smoking is one of the most common factors that significantly increases the risk of kidney cancer. It can disrupt the structure of kidney cells and lead to cancer.

Obesity
Excess weight increases the risk of kidney cancer. Excess fat tissue can cause hormonal imbalances, leading to abnormal cell growth.

Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
High blood pressure not only impairs kidney function but may also trigger cellular changes that lead to cancer.

Family History of Kidney Cancer
A genetic predisposition increases the risk of kidney cancer. Individuals with a family history of kidney cancer are at higher risk.

Exposure to Chemicals
Long-term exposure to certain industrial chemicals and heavy metals, especially substances like cadmium, can increase the risk.

Long-term Dialysis
Patients undergoing long-term dialysis due to kidney failure have an increased risk of developing kidney cancer.

Considering these risk factors, adopting healthy lifestyle habits and undergoing regular health check-ups play an important role in reducing the risk of kidney cancer.

What are the Symptoms of Kidney Cancer?

Although kidney cancer often does not cause symptoms in its early stages, it may manifest with some common symptoms as it progresses. The most frequently observed symptoms include:

Blood in Urine (Hematuria)
Urine that appears pink, red, or dark is the most common symptom of kidney cancer. This condition is usually painless and may occur intermittently.

Back or Flank Pain
Persistent or intermittent pain in the kidney area, on one side of the back or flank, can be a sign of kidney cancer.

Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite
Unexplained sudden weight loss and decreased appetite may indicate the presence of cancer.

Fatigue and Weakness
Kidney cancer can lead to a general loss of energy and constant fatigue.

Abdominal Mass or Swelling
As kidney tumors grow, a firm mass or swelling may be felt in the abdomen.

Fever
Unexplained, recurring fever episodes may indicate serious conditions such as kidney cancer.

Since these symptoms can also be related to other health issues, it is important to consult a doctor for early diagnosis if they occur.

How is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?

Kidney cancer is diagnosed through various medical imaging techniques, laboratory tests, and physical examinations. Early diagnosis is crucial in the treatment process. The main methods used in diagnosing kidney cancer include:

Physical Examination and Medical History
The doctor reviews the patient’s medical history and performs a physical examination, especially checking for any mass or swelling in the abdominal area.

Urine and Blood Tests
Blood tests are used to assess kidney function. The presence of blood or abnormal cells in the urine may also raise suspicion of cancer.

Ultrasonography
Ultrasound is typically the first method used to evaluate the structure of the kidneys and provides information about the presence and size of a tumor.

Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
CT and MRI scans offer detailed images of the tumor, helping to determine its size, location, and spread to other organs.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
PET scans are used to determine the spread (metastasis) of cancer in the body and to show whether tumors are active.

Early diagnosis using these methods can positively affect the treatment process. It is important to consult a specialist during the diagnostic process.

How is Kidney Cancer Treated?

The treatment of kidney cancer varies depending on the type, stage of the cancer, and the patient’s overall health. Treatment options generally include surgery, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and chemotherapy.

Surgical Intervention (Nephrectomy)
One of the primary treatments for kidney cancer is surgery. There are two main types:
• Partial Nephrectomy: If the tumor is small, only the cancerous portion is removed, preserving the remaining healthy kidney tissue.
• Radical Nephrectomy: In cases of larger tumors or advanced stages, the entire kidney along with the surrounding lymph nodes—and sometimes the adrenal gland—is removed.

Immunotherapy
Immunotherapies help eliminate cancer cells by boosting the immune system. Various medications are administered to prevent the spread of cancer, and immunotherapy can be particularly effective in advanced kidney cancer.

Targeted Therapy
This treatment targets specific molecules involved in the growth of cancer cells. In metastatic kidney cancer, drugs that block the tumor’s blood supply may improve quality of life and halt cancer progression.

Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy
Most types of kidney cancer do not respond well to chemotherapy; however, in some cases of metastatic disease, chemotherapy may be used. Radiotherapy is generally utilized for pain control and to prevent further spread of the cancer.

Follow-up and Monitoring
After treatment, patients undergo regular follow-ups which may include blood tests, ultrasounds, and CT scans to monitor for any recurrence. Early diagnosis is a key factor in improving treatment outcomes.

Successful treatment results depend on the patient’s response and the stage of the cancer.